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3DoF / pose components · error

Rotation Error

Geodesic Rotation Error

Uses the shortest rotation angle between predicted and ground-truth rotations as the error.

Evaluates orientation alone, without considering distance from the camera; often reported alongside Translation Error or n° mcm thresholds.

Principle

What error does this metric penalize?

The formulas define the computation. The diagrams show whether the error concerns a 3D model, visible surfaces, the image plane, or aggregation across thresholds.

The relative rotation R_gt^T R_hat expresses the rotation needed to move from the ground-truth orientation to the prediction; its trace recovers this minimum rotation angle.

Reduces 3D orientation error to a scalar, making it useful for category-level methods or tasks without a reliable CAD surface.

eR=arccos⁡ ⁣(tr⁡(RgtTR^)−12)e_R = \arccos\!\left(\frac{\operatorname{tr}(R_{gt}^{\mathsf T}\hat R)-1}{2}\right)
Converting radians to degrees makes the result easier to interpret. Clamp the input of acos to [-1, 1] for numerical stability.
Ground truthPrediction Point distances / pose component errors
Illustration created for this site to explain the metric's error space; it does not show measured data or a figure from the original paper.

How to compute

Computation steps

  1. 01

    Read the ground-truth rotation R_gt and predicted rotation R_hat.

  2. 02

    Compute the relative rotation and recover the angle from its trace.

  3. 03

    Compute the mean or median across instances, or the proportion below a specified angular threshold.

Strength

What it is useful for

  • Decoupled from translation and model scale, making rotation failures easy to diagnose.
  • Independent of mesh sampling density.

Caveat

Cautions when reading results

  • Equivalent orientations of symmetric objects can incorrectly receive large errors unless the error is minimized over the symmetry group.
  • Reporting rotation error alone can conceal severe translation drift.

Paper atlas

Which papers report this metric?

Links are derived by normalizing the metric names used in each paper. Directly reported metrics are distinguished from metrics associated through a broader protocol.

Filter the paper library
86Related papers
86Directly reported
0Linked through a protocol
2026 Directly reported

Aleatoric Uncertainty from AI-based 6D Object Pose Predictors for Object-relative State Estimation

ICRA / IEEE RA-L · Thomas Jantos, Stephan Weiss, Jan Steinbrener

Original terminology: Rotation Error / translation and rotation error
2026 Directly reported

CanoVerse: 3D Object Scalable Canonicalization and Dataset for Generation and Pose

ECCV · Li Jin, Yuchen Yang, Weikai Chen et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2026 Directly reported

Color-Pair Guided Robust Zero-Shot 6D Pose Estimation and Tracking of Cluttered Objects on Edge Devices

ICRA · Xingjian Yang, Ashis G. Banerjee

Original terminology: Rotation Error / relative rotation error
2026 Directly reported

ComPose: A Unified Completion-Pose Framework for Robust Category-Level Object Pose Estimation

CVPR · Huan Ren, Yihan Chen, Chuxin Wang et al.

Original terminology: 10 degree 2 cm accuracy
2026 Directly reported

DICArt: Advancing Category-level Articulated Object Pose Estimation in Discrete State-Spaces

CVPR · Li Zhang, Mingyu Mei, Ailing Wang et al.

Original terminology: rotation error
2026 Directly reported

DKPMV: Dense Keypoints Fusion from Multi-View RGB Frames for 6D Pose Estimation of Textureless Objects

ICRA · Jiahong Chen, Jinghao Wang, Zi Wang et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2026 Directly reported

DynOPETs: A Versatile Benchmark for Dynamic Object Pose Estimation and Tracking in Moving Camera Scenarios

ICRA / IEEE RA-L · Xiangting Meng, Jiaqi Yang, Mingshu Chen et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2026 Directly reported

Keypoint-Based Dynamic Object 6-DoF Pose Tracking via Event Camera

ICRA · Zhe Wang, Qijin Song, Zihao Li et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error / relative rotation error in deg/s
2026 Directly reported

Event-based Motion & Appearance Fusion for 6D Object Pose Tracking

ICRA · Zhichao Li, Chiara Bartolozzi, Lorenzo Natale et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2026 Directly reported

Event6D: Event-based Novel Object 6D Pose Tracking

CVPR · Jae-Young Kang, Hoonhee Cho, Taeyeop Lee et al.

Original terminology: rotation / translation error
2026 Directly reported

Towards in-the-wild Egocentric 3D Hand-Object Pose Estimation

ECCV · Siddhant Bansal, Zhifan Zhu, Shashank Tripathi et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2026 Directly reported

IndustryShapes: An RGB-D Benchmark Dataset for 6D Object Pose Estimation of Industrial Assembly Components and Tools

ICRA · Panagiotis Sapoutzoglou, Orestis Vaggelis, Athina Zacharia et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2026 Directly reported

InvariantCloud: A Globally Invariant, Uniquely Indexed Point Cloud Framework for Robust 6-DoF Tactile Pose Tracking

ICRA · Pengfei Ye, Yuxiang Ma, Yi Zhou et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2026 Directly reported

KV-Tracker: Real-Time Pose Tracking with Transformers

CVPR · Marwan Taher, Ignacio Alzugaray, Kirill Mazur et al.

Original terminology: rotation / translation error
2026 Directly reported

M-VTOP: Modular Visuo-Tactile Object Pose Estimation for High-Precision Robotic Manipulation

ICRA · Miquel Oller, Qiyang Qian, Radu Corcodel et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error / rotation error in degrees
2026 Directly reported

MemPose: Category-level Object Pose Estimation with Memory

ECCV · Xiao Lin, Minghao Zhu, Yun Peng et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2026 Directly reported

Monocular Vehicle Pose and Shape Reconstruction via Dynamic Context Adaptation and Progressive Geometry Refinement

AAAI · Wei Li, Long Ji, Ying Wang et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2026 Directly reported

Deep Learning-Based Object Pose Estimation: A Comprehensive Survey

IJCV · Jian Liu, Wei Sun, Hui Yang et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error / Geodesic rotation error
2026 Directly reported

PoseGaussian: 6D Pose Estimation for Unseen Objects via Sparse-View Object-Level 3D Gaussian Splatting

CVPR · Wubin Shi, Shaoyan Gai, Feipeng Da

Original terminology: rotation / translation error
2026 Directly reported

Exploring Category-level Articulated Object Pose Tracking on SE(3) Manifolds

AAAI · Xianhui Meng, Yukang Huo, Li Zhang et al.

Original terminology: Rotation error
2026 Directly reported

SCAPO: Self-Supervised Category-Level Articulated Pose Estimation from a Single 3D Observation

CVPR · Can Zhang, Gim Hee Lee

Original terminology: rotation error
2026 Directly reported

SE(3)-PoseFlow: Estimating 6D Pose Distributions for Uncertainty-Aware Robotic Manipulation

ICRA · Yufeng Jin, Niklas Funk, Vignesh Prasad et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2026 Directly reported

SE(3)-Equivariance with Geometric and Topological Guidance for Category-Level Object Pose Estimation

CVPR · Sheng Yu, Di-Hua Zhai, Yuanqing Xia

Original terminology: rotation error
2026 Directly reported

Category-Level Object Shape and Pose Estimation in Less Than a Millisecond

ICRA · Lorenzo Shaikewitz, Tim Nguyen, Luca Carlone

Original terminology: Rotation Error / rotation error
2026 Directly reported

Simultaneous Extrinsic Contact and In-Hand Pose Estimation via Distributed Tactile Sensing

ICRA / IEEE RA-L · Mark Van der Merwe, Kei Ota, Dmitry Berenson et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2026 Directly reported

TwinTrack: Bridging Vision and Contact Physics for Real-Time Tracking of Unknown Objects in Contact-Rich Scenes

ICRA · Wen Yang, Zhixian Xie, Yiting Wang et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2026 Directly reported

XYZ-IBD: Benchmarking Robust 6D Object Pose Estimation under Real-World Industrial Complexity

ECCV · Junwen Huang, Jiaqi Hu, Peter KT Yu et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2026 Directly reported

You Only Pose Once: A Minimalist's Detection Transformer for Monocular RGB Category-Level 9D Multi-Object Pose Estimation

ICRA · Hakjin Lee, Junghoon Seo, Jaehoon Sim

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2025 Directly reported

6DOPE-GS: Online 6D Object Pose Estimation using Gaussian Splatting

ICCV · Yufeng Jin, Vignesh Prasad, Snehal Jauhri et al.

Original terminology: rotation error
2025 Directly reported

CAP-Net: A Unified Network for 6D Pose and Size Estimation of Categorical Articulated Parts from a Single RGB-D Image

CVPR · Jingshun Huang, Haitao Lin, Tianyu Wang et al.

Original terminology: rotation error
2025 Directly reported

High-Precision Object Pose Estimation Using Visual-Tactile Information for Dynamic Interactions in Robotic Grasping

ICRA · Zicai Peng, Te Cui, Guangyan Chen et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error / rotation error
2025 Directly reported

Environment-Agnostic Pose: Generating Environment-independent Object Representations for 6D Pose Estimation

ICCV · Shaobo Zhang, Yuhang Huang, Wanqing Zhao et al.

Original terminology: rotation error
2025 Directly reported

Generalizable Single-View Object Pose Estimation by Two-Side Generating and Matching

WACV · Yujing Sun, Caiyi Sun, Yuan Liu et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2025 Directly reported

iFusion: Inverting Diffusion for Pose-Free Reconstruction from Sparse Views

3DV · Chin-Hsuan Wu, Yen-Chun Chen, Bolivar Solarte et al.

Original terminology: rotation error
2025 Directly reported

OmniPose6D: Towards Short-Term Object Pose Tracking in Dynamic Scenes from Monocular RGB

IROS · Yunzhi Lin, Yipu Zhao, Fu-Jen Chu et al.

Original terminology: KITTI rotation error threshold AP
2025 Directly reported

PartPose: Attentive 6D Pose Estimation by Focusing on Graspable Parts of Multi-Part Deformable Objects

IEEE RA-L · Ryo Okumura, Tadahiro Taniguchi

Original terminology: Rotation Error / rotation error
2025 Directly reported

Category-Level 6D Object Pose Estimation in Agricultural Settings Using a Lattice-Deformation Framework and Diffusion-Augmented Synthetic Data

IROS · Marios Glytsos, Panagiotis P. Filntisis, George Retsinas et al.

Original terminology: mean / median rotation error
2025 Directly reported

RayPose: Ray Bundling Diffusion for Template Views in Unseen 6D Object Pose Estimation

ICCV · Junwen Huang, Shishir Reddy Vutukur, Peter KT Yu et al.

Original terminology: rotation error
2025 Directly reported

RGBTrack: Fast, Robust Depth-Free 6D Pose Estimation and Tracking

IROS · Teng Guo, Jingjin Yu

Original terminology: rotation error
2025 Directly reported

Uncertainty-Aware Knowledge Distillation for Compact and Efficient 6DoF Pose Estimation

IROS · Nassim Ali Ousalah, Anis Kacem, Enjie Ghorbel et al.

Original terminology: rotation error
2025 Directly reported

Unified Category-Level Object Detection and Pose Estimation from RGB Images using 3D Prototypes

ICCV · Tom Fischer, Xiaojie Zhang, Eddy Ilg

Original terminology: rotation error
2025 Directly reported

Free-Moving Object Reconstruction and Pose Estimation with Virtual Camera

AAAI · Haixin Shi, Yinlin Hu, Daniel Koguciuk et al.

Original terminology: relative rotation error
2025 Directly reported

You Only Estimate Once: Unified, One-Stage, Real-Time Category-Level Articulated Object 6D Pose Estimation for Robotic Grasping

ICRA · Jingshun Huang, Haitao Lin, Tianyu Wang et al.

Original terminology: rotation error
2024 Directly reported

Shape From Shading for Robotic Manipulation

WACV · Arkadeep Narayan Chaudhury, Leonid Keselman, Christopher G. Atkeson

Original terminology: Rotation Error / planar rotation error
2024 Directly reported

Category-level Object Detection, Pose Estimation and Reconstruction from Stereo Images

ECCV · Chuanrui Zhang, Yonggen Ling, Minglei Lu et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

ContactArt: Learning 3D Interaction Priors for Category-level Articulated Object and Hand Poses Estimation

3DV · Zehao Zhu, Jiashun Wang, Yuzhe Qin et al.

Original terminology: rotation error
2024 Directly reported

Object Pose Estimation via the Aggregation of Diffusion Features

CVPR · Tianfu Wang, Guosheng Hu, Hongguang Wang

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

Neural Implicit Representation for Building Digital Twins of Unknown Articulated Objects

CVPR · Yijia Weng, Bowen Wen, Jonathan Tremblay et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

DVMNet: Computing Relative Pose for Unseen Objects Beyond Hypotheses

CVPR · Chen Zhao, Tong Zhang, Zheng Dang et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

EDOPT: Event-Camera 6-DoF Dynamic Object Pose Tracking

ICRA · Arren J. Glover, Luna Gava, Zhichao Li et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error / mean rotation error
2024 Directly reported

Direct 3D Model-Based Object Tracking with Event Camera by Motion Interpolation

ICRA · Yufan Kang, Guillaume Caron, Ryoichi Ishikawa et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error / RMS rotation error
2024 Directly reported

Real-Time 6-DoF Pose Estimation by an Event-Based Camera Using Active LED Markers

WACV · Gerald Ebmer, Adam Loch, Minh Nhat Vu et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error / rotation error
2024 Directly reported

FAFA: Frequency-Aware Flow-Aided Self-Supervision for Underwater Object Pose Estimation

ECCV · Jingyi Tang, Gu Wang, Zeyu Chen et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

FastCAD: Real-Time CAD Retrieval and Alignment from Scans and Videos

ECCV · Florian Langer, Jihong Ju, Georgi Dikov et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error / rotation error threshold
2024 Directly reported

Fit-NGP: Fitting Object Models to Neural Graphics Primitives

ICRA · Marwan Taher, Ignacio Alzugaray, Andrew J. Davison

Original terminology: Rotation Error / median rotation error
2024 Directly reported

Few-View Object Reconstruction with Unknown Categories and Camera Poses

3DV · Hanwen Jiang, Zhenyu Jiang, Kristen Grauman et al.

Original terminology: relative rotation error
2024 Directly reported

GeoReF: Geometric Alignment Across Shape Variation for Category-level Object Pose Refinement

CVPR · Linfang Zheng, Tze Ho Elden Tse, Chen Wang et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

GS-Pose: Category-Level Object Pose Estimation via Geometric and Semantic Correspondence

ECCV · Pengyuan Wang, Takuya Ikeda, Robert Lee et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

HouseCat6D - A Large-Scale Multi-Modal Category Level 6D Object Perception Dataset with Household Objects in Realistic Scenarios

CVPR · HyunJun Jung, Shun-Cheng Wu, Patrick Ruhkamp et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

IFFNeRF: Initialisation Free and Fast 6DoF Pose Estimation from a Single Image and a NeRF Model

ICRA · Matteo Bortolon, Theodore Tsesmelis, Stuart James et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

Towards Co-Evaluation of Cameras, HDR, and Algorithms for Industrial-Grade 6DoF Pose Estimation

CVPR · Agastya Kalra, Guy Stoppi, Dmitrii Marin et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

L4D-Track: Language-to-4D Modeling Towards 6-DoF Tracking and Shape Reconstruction in 3D Point Cloud Stream

CVPR · Jingtao Sun, Yaonan Wang, Mingtao Feng et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error / rotation / translation error
2024 Directly reported

LaPose: Laplacian Mixture Shape Modeling for RGB-Based Category-Level Object Pose Estimation

ECCV · Ruida Zhang, Ziqin Huang, Gu Wang et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

Living Scenes: Multi-object Relocalization and Reconstruction in Changing 3D Environments

CVPR · Liyuan Zhu, Shengyu Huang, Konrad Schindler et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error / median rotation error
2024 Directly reported

Effects of Markers in Training Datasets on the Accuracy of 6D Pose Estimation

WACV · Janis Rosskamp, Rene Weller, Gabriel Zachmann

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

MFOS: Model-Free & One-Shot Object Pose Estimation

AAAI · JongMin Lee, Yohann Cabon, Romain Brégier et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

Learning Instance-Aware Correspondences for Robust Multi-Instance Point Cloud Registration in Cluttered Scenes

CVPR · Zhiyuan Yu, Zheng Qin, Lintao Zheng et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

MV-ROPE: Multi-View Constraints for Robust Category-Level Object Pose and Size Estimation

IROS · Jiaqi Yang, Yucong Chen, Xiangting Meng et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error / mean rotation error
2024 Directly reported

Marrying NeRF with Feature Matching for One-Step Pose Estimation

ICRA · Ronghan Chen, Yang Cong, Yu Ren

Original terminology: Rotation Error / mean rotation error
2024 Directly reported

NOPE: Novel Object Pose Estimation from a Single Image

CVPR · Van Nguyen Nguyen, Thibault Groueix, Georgy Ponimatkin et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

Omni6D: Large-Vocabulary 3D Object Dataset for Category-Level 6D Object Pose Estimation

ECCV · Mengchen Zhang, Tong Wu, Tai Wang et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

Omni6DPose: A Benchmark and Model for Universal 6D Object Pose Estimation and Tracking

ECCV · Jiyao Zhang, Weiyao Huang, Bo Peng et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error / rotation error
2024 Directly reported

OmniNOCS: A Unified NOCS Dataset and Model for 3D Lifting of 2D Objects

ECCV · Akshay Krishnan, Abhijit Kundu, Kevis-Kokitsi Maninis et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

OP-Align: Object-level and Part-level Alignment for Self-supervised Category-level Articulated Object Pose Estimation

ECCV · Yuchen Che, Ryo Furukawa, Asako Kanezaki

Original terminology: Rotation Error / part rotation / translation error
2024 Directly reported

Robust Category-Level 3D Pose Estimation From Diffusion-Enhanced Synthetic Data

WACV · Jiahao Yang, Wufei Ma, Angtian Wang et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

PACE: A Large-Scale Dataset with Pose Annotations in Cluttered Environments

ECCV · Yang You, Kai Xiong, Zhening Yang et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

Physics-Based Rigid Body Object Tracking and Friction Filtering From RGB-D Videos

3DV · Rama Krishna Prasad Kandukuri, Michael Strecke, Joerg Stueckler

Original terminology: rotation error / recall
2024 Directly reported

Shape-guided Configuration-aware Learning for Endoscopic-image-based Pose Estimation of Flexible Robotic Instruments

ECCV · Yiyao Ma, Kai Chen, Hon-Sing Tong et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

Confronting Ambiguity in 6D Object Pose Estimation via Score-Based Diffusion on SE(3)

CVPR · Tsu-Ching Hsiao, Hao-Wei Chen, Hsuan-Kung Yang et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

SecondPose: SE(3)-Consistent Dual-Stream Feature Fusion for Category-Level Pose Estimation

CVPR · Yamei Chen, Yan Di, Guangyao Zhai et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

SUP-NeRF: A Streamlined Unification of Pose Estimation and NeRF for Monocular 3D Object Reconstruction

ECCV · Yuliang Guo, Abhinav Kumar, Cheng Zhao et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error / rotation error
2024 Directly reported

Learning Distributional Demonstration Spaces for Task-Specific Cross-Pose Estimation

ICRA · Jenny Wang, Octavian Donca, David Held

Original terminology: Rotation Error / relative rotation error
2024 Directly reported

U-COPE: Taking a Further Step to Universal 9D Category-level Object Pose Estimation

ECCV · Li Zhang, Weiqing Meng, Yan Zhong et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error / per-part rotation error
2024 Directly reported

Unsupervised Learning of Category-Level 3D Pose from Object-Centric Videos

CVPR · Leonhard Sommer, Artur Jesslen, Eddy Ilg et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error
2024 Directly reported

Zero123-6D: Zero-Shot Novel View Synthesis for RGB Category-Level 6D Pose Estimation

IROS · Francesco Di Felice, Alberto Remus, Stefano Gasperini et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error / median rotation error
2022 Directly reported

PIZZA: A Powerful Image-only Zero-Shot Zero-CAD Approach to 6 DoF Tracking

3DV · Van Nguyen Nguyen, Yuming Du, Yang Xiao et al.

Original terminology: Rotation Error / rotation error
Sources for definitions and protocolsExpand to view original papers, surveys, and official evaluation pages.